Control of Macrophage Activation and Function by PPARs PGC Coactivators in the Developing and Diseased Heart PPARs and the Vessel Wall LXR, Inflammation, and Vascular Disease Estrogen Receptor Signaling and Cardiovascular Disease

Macrophages, a key component of the innate defense against pathogens, participate in the initiation and resolution of inflammation, and in the maintenance of tissues. These diverse and at times antithetical functions of macrophages are executed via distinct activation states, ranging from classical to alternative to deactivation. Because the dysregulation of macrophage activation is pathogenically linked to various metabolic, inflammatory and immune disorders, regulatory proteins controlling macrophage activation have emerged as important new therapeutic targets. Here, the mechanisms by which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) transcriptionally regulate macrophage activation in health and disease states, including obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, are reviewed. (Circ Res. 2010;106:1559-1569.)